Nothing there is beyond hope, nothing can be sworn impossible, nothing wonderful, since Zeus, father of the Olympians, made night from mid-day, hiding the light of the shining sun, and sore fear came upon men.”
— Archilochus, Greek poet, following the total solar eclipse of 648 BC

On April 8, 2024, a total solar eclipse will be visible to fortunate observers in the United States along a narrow band, approximately 115 miles (185 km) wide, that will cross fifteen states from Texas to Maine.

https://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/Eclipse2024

WHERE WILL YOU BE ON APRIL 8TH, 2024 AT1:00 PM?

WHAT WILL YOU BE DOING ON APRIL 8TH AT 1:00 P.M.?

April 8th, 2024 ECLIPSE INFO

Total Solar Eclipse: On April 8th, 2024, sky watchers across North America will witness a spectacular total solar eclipse.
Path of Totality: The path of totality will stretch from Mexico up through the United States, crossing through several states including Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, New York, Vermont, and Maine.
Duration: The total solar eclipse will last for approximately 4 minutes and 28 seconds at its maximum point.
Prime Viewing Locations: Cities like Dallas, Little Rock, Indianapolis, Cleveland, and Buffalo will fall within the path of totality, offering prime viewing opportunities.
Astronomical Phenomenon: During totality, the sky will darken dramatically, and observers will be able to see the sun’s corona, the sun’s outer atmosphere, glowing around the silhouette of the moon.
Safety Precautions: It’s crucial to view the eclipse safely, either by using solar viewing glasses or through indirect viewing methods to protect the eyes from harmful solar radiation.
Community Events: Numerous communities along the path of totality will host eclipse-related events, including festivals, lectures, and viewing parties, bringing people together to experience this rare celestial event.
Scientific Research: Scientists will take advantage of this eclipse to study the sun’s corona, solar flares, and other phenomena, gathering valuable data to enhance our understanding of the sun and its effects on Earth.
Educational Opportunities: Schools and educational institutions will incorporate the eclipse into their curriculum, providing students with a unique opportunity to learn about astronomy and celestial mechanics through firsthand observation.

https://science.nasa.gov/eclipses/future-eclipses/eclipse-2024/eclipse-2024-science/

NASA to Launch Sounding Rockets into Moon’s Shadow During Solar Eclipse

Desiree Apodaca

MAR 25, 2024

NASA will launch three sounding rockets during the total solar eclipse on April 8, 2024, to study how Earth’s upper atmosphere is affected when sunlight momentarily dims over a portion of the planet.

The Atmospheric Perturbations around Eclipse Path (APEP) sounding rockets will launch from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia to study the disturbances in the ionosphere created when the Moon eclipses the Sun. The sounding rockets had been previously launched and successfully recovered from White Sands Test Facility in New Mexico, during the October 2023 annular solar eclipse. They have been refurbished with new instrumentation and will be relaunched in April 2024. The mission is led by Aroh Barjatya, a professor of engineering physics at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Florida, where he directs the Space and Atmospheric Instrumentation Lab.

A group of people wearing blue jackets pose for the picture. They stand inside a tall, industrial room. Three silver rockets are behind them.

A cartoon Earth becomes shadowed as it turns from day to night, to day again. Red swirls sweep across the planet when it's daytime. Satellites orbit around the planet.

This photo shows the three APEP sounding rockets and the support team after successful assembly. The team lead, Aroh Barjatya, is at the top center, standing next to the guardrails on the second floor.

NASA/Berit Bland

This conceptual animation is an example of what observers might expect to see during a total solar eclipse, like the one happening over the United States on April 8, 2024.

NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio.

The ionosphere is a region of Earth’s atmosphere that is between 55 to 310 miles (90 to 500 kilometers) above the ground. “It’s an electrified region that reflects and refracts radio signals, and also impacts satellite communications as the signals pass through,” said Barjatya. “Understanding the ionosphere and developing models to help us predict disturbances is crucial to making sure our increasingly communication-dependent world operates smoothly.”

The ionosphere forms the boundary between Earth’s lower atmosphere – where we live and breathe – and the vacuum of space. It is made up of a sea of particles that become ionized, or electrically charged, from the Sun’s energy, or solar radiation. When night falls, the ionosphere thins out as previously ionized particles relax and recombine back into neutral particles. However, Earth’s terrestrial weather and space weather can impact these particles, making it a dynamic region and difficult to know what the ionosphere will be like at a given time.

An animation depicts changes in the ionosphere over a 24-hour period. The red and yellow swaths represent high-density ionized particles during the day. The purple dots represent neutral, relaxed particles at night.

NASA/Krystofer Kim

It’s often difficult to study short-term changes in the ionosphere during an eclipse with satellites because they may not be at the right place or time to cross the eclipse path. Since the exact date and times of the total solar eclipse are known, NASA can launch targeted sounding rockets to study the effects of the eclipse at the right time and at all altitudes of the ionosphere.

As the eclipse shadow races through the atmosphere, it creates a rapid, localized sunset that triggers large-scale atmospheric waves and small-scale disturbances, or perturbations. These perturbations affect different radio communication frequencies. Gathering the data on these perturbations will help scientists validate and improve current models that help predict potential disturbances to our communications, especially high frequency communication.

A map of the U.S. on a graph. The map is covered with light green, teal, and yellow dots. As the path of the Moon's shadow sweeps from the northwest US to the southeast US, the dots changed to a dark blue color.

The animation depicts the waves created by ionized particles during the 2017 total solar eclipse.

MIT Haystack Observatory/Shun-rong Zhang. Zhang, S.-R., Erickson, P. J., Goncharenko, L. P., Coster, A. J., Rideout, W. & Vierinen, J. (2017). Ionospheric Bow Waves and Perturbations Induced by the 21 August 2017 Solar Eclipse. Geophysical Research Letters, 44(24), 12,067-12,073. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL076054.

The APEP rockets are expected to reach a maximum altitude of 260 miles (420 kilometers). Each rocket will measure charged and neutral particle density and surrounding electric and magnetic fields. “Each rocket will eject four secondary instruments the size of a two-liter soda bottle that also measure the same data points, so it’s similar to results from fifteen rockets, while only launching three,” explained Barjatya. Three secondary instruments on each rocket were built by Embry-Riddle, and the fourth one was built at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.

In addition to the rockets, several teams across the U.S. will also be taking measurements of the ionosphere by various means. A team of students from Embry-Riddle will deploy a series of high-altitude balloons. Co-investigators from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Haystack Observatory in Massachusetts, and the Air Force Research Laboratory in New Mexico, will operate a variety of ground-based radars taking measurements. Using this data, a team of scientists from Embry-Riddle and Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory are refining existing models.

A sounding rocket is able to carry science instruments between 30 and 300 miles above Earth’s surface. These altitudes are typically too high for science balloons and too low for satellites to access safely, making sounding rockets the only platforms that can carry out direct measurements in these regions.

NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

When the APEP sounding rockets launched during the 2023 annular solar eclipse, scientists saw a sharp reduction in the density of charged particles as the annular eclipse shadow passed over the atmosphere. “We saw the perturbations capable of affecting radio communications in the second and third rockets, but not during the first rocket that was before peak local eclipse” said Barjatya. “We are super excited to relaunch them during the total eclipse, to see if the perturbations start at the same altitude and if their magnitude and scale remain the same.”

The next total solar eclipse over the contiguous U.S. is not until 2044, so these experiments are a rare opportunity for scientists to collect crucial data.

The APEP launches will be live streamed via NASA’s Wallops’ official YouTube page and featured in NASA’s official broadcast of the total solar eclipse. The public can also watch the launches in person from 1-4 p.m. at the NASA Wallops Flight Facility Visitor Center.

By Desiree Apodaca
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.

https://home.cern/news/news/accelerators/accelerator-report-protons-or-easter-eggs-lets-hope-both

Mar 28, 2024CERN just revealed they’re starting up the Large Hadron Collider back up during the next solar eclipse. CERN is starting up the large hadron collider during the solar eclipse. Scientists working at the Large Hadron Collider operated by CERN have made public the anticipated scheduling of the initial interactions between proton beams on April eighth, following the completion of all machine assessments and adjustments. Subsequently, the substantial experiments carried out by CERN, which entail the collision of proton particles, will be able to recommence their scientific activities for data collection and analysis. Many individuals within the realm of social media have brought attention to the forthcoming total solar eclipse scheduled to occur on Monday, April eighth, twenty twenty four. Thank you for watching! Thank you to CO.AG for the background music!

CERN to test world’s most powerful particle accelerator during April’s solar eclipse to search for ‘invisible’ matter that secretly powers our universe

Large Hadron Collider will smash atoms together for the first time since 2022
The experiment hopes to discover subatomic particles that exist inside atoms
READ MORE: New $20 billion accelerator will kick on in the 2040s

By STACY LIBERATORE FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

PUBLISHED: 16:30 EDT, 28 March 2024 | UPDATED: 07:34 EDT, 29 March 2024

The world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator is set smash protons together on April 8 to search for invisible particles secretly powering our universe.

Theories have suggested there are 17 different particle groups and the European Organization for Nuclear Research, better known as CERN, confirmed the existence of one using its Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012.

Now, the team has restarted the LHC after a two-year hibernation with hopes of unraveling more mysterious – specifically dark matter.

And next month, CERN will shoot them down a 17-mile-long tunnel at nearly the speed of light to recreate conditions a second after the Big Bang.

The European Organization for Nuclear Research, better known as CERN, announced it restarted the underground Large Hadron Collider (LHC) this month, sending proton beams around the massive circular machine.

The LHC will continue the experiment until later this year when it will then be put under a long hibernation for CERN to transform it into the next version – the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC).

The accelerator sits 300 feet underground at the border of France and Switzerland and first went live on September 10, 2008.

The LHC works by smashing protons together to break them apart and discover the subatomic particles that exist inside them, and how they interact.

Scientists turned on the powerful machine this month, injecting it with several proton beams.

The team is now gearing up to send the beams down the 17-mile-long tunnel near the speed of light with hopes of unraveling mysterious about our universe

CERN researchers use protons due to them being heavier particles.

The weight allows much lower energy loss per turn through the accelerator than other particles like photon.

On March 8, teams from around the world waited inside the underground lab for a glimpse at the beams circling inside the ring of the LHC.

The circular shape was by design as it allows for more time to accelerate the beam of particles so higher energy can be reached.

But the first attempt this month did not go as planned after the beam only made it partially around.

But this month’s experiments proved the beam trajectory was off as it did complete a full circle.

But after tinkering with the mechanics, the team watched in wonder as the beam circled the accelerator in less than 20 minutes.

At full power, trillions of protons will race around the LHC accelerator ring 11,245 times a second and travel just seven miles per hour less than the speed of light.

On April 8, the team will send the beams through the tunnel where they will collide.

The team will be on the hunt for dark matter, which makes up around 28 percent of our massive universe – but it has never been seen or proven.

This work will give them insights into the formation of the universe and even its ultimate fate.

The experiment is scheduled to occur the same day as the Great North American Solare Eclipse.

CERN uses protons due to being heavier particles, which have a much lower energy less per turn through the accelerator. The purpose of LHC is test predictions of different particle physics, including measuring the properties of the Higgs boson or God particle (pictured)

Spring 2024 is is going to be the season of the cicada

Researchers predict the emergence of trillions of cicadas across the eastern U.S. this spring.
Cicadas follow 13- and 17-year cycles. This rare double cicada mega-brood emergence happens only once every 221 years.
Cicadas are harmless to humans. Though sometimes confused with locusts, their potential harm to plants isn’t too serious. No need to break out the insecticides. On the other hand, cicadas can be loud. Their buzzing reaches up to 106.7 decibels.

Researchers at the University of Connecticut are predicting the emergence of trillions of cicadas – the red-eyed, chirping, winged insects – across the United States this spring. But don’t worry. They won’t all be coming out at once or in the same region.

Cicadas – members of the order Hemiptera along with stink bugs, bed bugs and aphids – spend as long as 17 years underground before emerging as adults. This year, the bugs will dig their way to freedom across 1.5 million acres throughout the Eastern U.S., an area roughly the same size as the state of Delaware.

https://imasdk.googleapis.com/js/core/bridge3.631.0_en.html#goog_1798585779

https://imasdk.googleapis.com/js/core/bridge3.631.0_en.html#goog_413080554

If we accept an estimate of a million cicadas per acre and if the total combined area of a periodical cicada emergence is roughly the size of Delaware, then more than a trillion cicadas will be involved. For 2024, since cicadas will emerge from Maryland to Oklahoma, Illinois to Alabama, clearly, trillions of adult cicadas will be present – but not all in the same place at the same time.

Some cicadas will emerge as early as March, but the big coming-out will be in April and May, depending on the weather.

2024 lunar calendars on sale now. Makes a great gift! Order here.

Rare double cicada mega-brood emergence

CicadaSafari.org says 2024 will be a banner year for cicadas, as two of the biggest broods will emerge at the same time in bordering areas of the Midwest:

The 17-year Brood XIII will emerge in Northern Illinois, while the 13-year Brood XIX will emerge in parts of Southeastern United States. It is not common to have a dual emergence between Broods XIII and XIX. They occur once every 221 years, and the last time these two broods emerged together was in 1803.

In 1803, Thomas Jefferson was President of the United States, and Lewis and Clark started their exploration of the Louisiana Purchase.

The areas where Brood XIII and Brood XIX occur mostly don’t overlap, according to the cicada experts at UConn. However, there could be small areas where both broods are active:

The greatest likelihood of contact between these broods is around Springfield, Illinois. … While there may be scattered woods in which both broods are present, there will be no broad overlap, and it will be impossible, in 2024, to identify any areas of overlap, large or small.

CicadaSafari.org offers tips on where to see cicadas, all kinds of cicada facts and figures, and has a cicada tracking app so amateur entomologists can get in on the cicada action.

Map of the Eastern U.S. with colored patches covering many of the states representing many broods. — Here are the active periodical cicada broods in the United States. The 2 broods emerging in spring 2024 are Brood XIII (brown) in northern Illinois and Brood XIX (light blue) scattered across the Midwest and southeast. Image via U.S. Forest Service/ Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

Cicadas are subterranean math wizards

A common misconception is cicadas are a kind of locust or grasshopper. They aren’t. With their large red eyes and long body, cicadas do resemble locusts but instead are “true insects” of the order Hemiptera.

Cicadas appear on every continent but Antarctica. There are 190 varieties of cicada in North America, and about 3,400 varieties recorded worldwide so far. Some kinds of cicadas appear every year, while the periodic cicadas appear on 13- and 17-year cycles.

As fryrsquared explains via TikTok, 13 and 17 are prime numbers that can’t be factored. This means Brood XIII with its 17-year cycle and Brood XIX with its 13-year cycle can only emerge together every 221 years.

https://www.tiktok.com/embed/v2/7322585669828611361?lang=en-US&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fearthsky.org%2Fearth%2Fcicadas-trillions-emerging-2-broods-spring-2024-us%2F

Don’t spray the cicadas!

Cicadas are loud but basically harmless to humans and the environment, so there’s no need to break out the insecticide. When they emerge, the only thing they’re interested in is mating and laying eggs, says UConn:

Cicadas do not possess special defensive mechanisms — they do not sting or bite. The ovipositor is used only for laying eggs and the mouthparts are used only for feeding on twigs; thus, periodical cicadas can hurt you only if they mistake you for a tree branch!

Cicadas will fly off when they feel threatened, and the males will make their iconic buzz. That buzz – produced when males flex drum-like organs called tymbals – is loud, reaching up to 106.7 decibels, about the same as a chain saw.

The male cicadas sing during the day to attract females. Dog-day (annual) cicadas tend to sing more in late afternoon and evening. Each cicada species has its own distinctive sound to avoid attracting the wrong cicada. Typically, periodical cicada emergences consist of three species, that can be distinguished by the male songs as well as by slight differences in their appearance. The nymphs of these cicadas feed on the roots of trees and shrubs.

Insects are disappearing

Leaving all insects alone is probably a good idea these days. According to a peer-reviewed study by German biologists published in 2017, the biomass of winged insects has declined by 76% since 1990. The researchers warn this decline in insect populations could have devastating effects across the entire global environment:

For example, 80% of wild plants are estimated to depend on insects for pollination, while 60% of birds rely on insects as a food source. The ecosystem services provided by wild insects have been estimated at $57 billion annually in the USA. Clearly, preserving insect abundance and diversity should constitute a prime conservation priority.

If you take any photos of the cicadas emerging this spring, send them to us!

Bottom line: Trillions of harmless cicadas will emerge in the Eastern U.S. this spring. The song of the cicadas may be loud, but the insects are basically harmless.

Dave Adalian

VIEW ARTICLES

About the Author:

Award-winning reporter and editor Dave Adalian’s love affair with the cosmos began during a long-ago summer school trip to the storied and venerable Lick Observatory atop California’s Mount Hamilton, east of San Jose in the foggy Diablos Mountain Range and far above Monterey Bay at the edge of the endless blue Pacific Ocean. That field trip goes on today, as Dave still pursues his nocturnal adventures, perched in the darkness at his telescope’s eyepiece or chasing wandering stars through the fields of night with the unaided eye. A lifelong resident of California’s Tulare County – an agricultural paradise where the Great San Joaquin Valley meets the Sierra Nevada in endless miles of grass-covered foothills – Dave grew up in a wilderness larger than Delaware and Rhode Island combined, one choked with the greatest diversity of flora and fauna in the US, one which passes its nights beneath pitch black skies rising over the some of highest mountain peaks and greatest roadless areas on the North American continent. Dave studied English, American literature and mass communications at the College of the Sequoias and the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has worked as a reporter and editor for a number of news publications on- and offline during a career spanning nearly 30 years so far. His fondest literary hope is to share his passion for astronomy and all things cosmic with anyone who wants to join in the adventure and explore the universe’s past, present and future.

Preparing for and making the most of the April 8th eclipse in the United States involves several steps for optimal enjoyment and safety:

Preparation:

Research: Learn about the eclipse, including its timing, duration, and path of totality. Understand the safety precautions necessary for viewing.
Location: Determine where you will be during the eclipse and whether you are within the path of totality. Plan your viewing location accordingly.
Supplies: Acquire necessary viewing supplies such as solar viewing glasses or solar filters for telescopes/binoculars. Consider bringing chairs, blankets, and snacks for comfort during the eclipse.
Weather: Keep an eye on the weather forecast for your viewing location and have a backup plan in case of poor weather conditions.

Safety:

Protect Your Eyes: Never look directly at the sun without proper eye protection. Use certified solar viewing glasses or solar filters for telescopes/binoculars. Ensure children and pets also have proper eye protection.
Indirect Viewing: Utilize indirect viewing methods such as pinhole projectors or solar eclipse glasses to safely observe the eclipse.
Photography Safety: If photographing the eclipse, use solar filters on cameras and smartphones to prevent damage to equipment and eyes.

Maximizing Experience:

Arrive Early: Get to your chosen viewing location early to secure a good spot and avoid last-minute rush.
Community Events: Participate in community events and eclipse viewing parties for a shared experience with fellow skywatchers.
Keep Track of Time: Stay aware of the eclipse’s progression and key moments, such as totality, using timers or smartphone apps.
Document the Experience: Take photographs or videos to capture the eclipse and your experience. Share your images with friends and on social media using appropriate hashtags.

Reflection and Learning:

Educational Opportunities: Take advantage of the eclipse as a learning opportunity for yourself and others, especially children. Discuss the science behind eclipses and their significance.
Reflect on the Experience: Take time to reflect on the awe-inspiring beauty of the eclipse and its place in the universe. Consider how witnessing such natural phenomena can inspire a deeper connection to the cosmos and our planet.

By following these steps, you can ensure a memorable and safe experience while making the most of the April 8th eclipse in the United States.

The concept of RICE (Reward, Ideology, Coercion, and Ego) is a framework often used in psychology and sociology to understand the motivations behind human behavior. Each element represents a different aspect of what drives people to act in certain ways. Let’s delve deeper into each component:

Reward: Reward refers to the desire for positive outcomes or benefits. Humans are inherently motivated by the prospect of gaining something valuable, whether it’s tangible rewards like money, food, or material possessions, or intangible rewards like praise, recognition, or personal satisfaction. In the context of RICE, individuals may engage in specific behaviors because they anticipate some form of reward, whether it’s immediate gratification or long-term fulfillment.
Ideology: Ideology encompasses the beliefs, values, and principles that shape individuals’ perceptions of the world and influence their decisions and actions. People often align themselves with ideologies that resonate with their personal values or societal norms. Ideological motivations can drive individuals to act in ways that are consistent with their beliefs or to support causes they perceive as just or righteous. Ideological factors play a significant role in shaping social movements, political activism, and cultural phenomena.
Coercion: Coercion involves the use of force, threat, or pressure to compel individuals to comply with specific demands or expectations. Coercive tactics can range from physical intimidation to psychological manipulation and social pressure. In some cases, individuals may feel compelled to act in certain ways due to fear of negative consequences or social ostracism. Coercion can also be exerted through institutional power structures, such as laws, regulations, or social norms that enforce conformity.
Ego: Ego represents the sense of self-importance, identity, and esteem that individuals derive from their interactions with others and their perceived status within society. Ego-driven motivations often stem from a desire for validation, recognition, or superiority over others. People may seek to bolster their ego by seeking approval, achieving success, or asserting dominance in social hierarchies. Ego-driven behaviors can manifest in various forms, including competition, status-seeking, and self-aggrandizement.

Understanding the interplay between these four elements—Reward, Ideology, Coercion, and Ego—provides insights into the complex dynamics that shape human behavior in diverse contexts. Whether it’s individual decision-making, group dynamics, or societal movements, the RICE framework offers a lens through which to analyze the multifaceted motivations that drive human actions and interactions.

What are predictions and USA Government involvement regarding the April 8th 2024 Eclipse

Predictions for the April 8th, 2024 eclipse in the United States are primarily focused on its path of totality and the potential impact on viewing conditions. Here are some key points and the likely involvement of the US government:

Path of Totality: The eclipse’s path of totality will stretch from Mexico up through the United States, crossing through several states, including Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, New York, Vermont, and Maine. Predictions indicate that cities within this path will experience the fullest extent of the eclipse, with durations varying depending on location.
Weather Forecasts: Leading up to the event, weather forecasts will play a crucial role in predicting viewing conditions along the path of totality. The US government, through agencies such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), will likely provide regular updates on weather patterns and potential cloud cover to help eclipse enthusiasts plan their viewing locations effectively.
Safety Guidelines: The government will also play a role in disseminating safety guidelines for viewing the eclipse. This includes educating the public on the importance of using proper eye protection, such as certified solar viewing glasses, to avoid damaging their eyes when observing the sun directly. Agencies like NASA and the American Astronomical Society typically provide detailed safety information to ensure that people can enjoy the eclipse safely.
Infrastructure and Logistics: In areas expecting large influxes of visitors for the eclipse, local and state governments, supported by federal agencies if necessary, may implement measures to manage traffic, provide additional public services, and ensure public safety. This could involve coordinating with law enforcement, transportation authorities, and emergency services to address any logistical challenges associated with hosting large crowds.
Educational Outreach: The US government may also support educational initiatives aimed at leveraging the eclipse as a teaching opportunity. Schools, museums, and science centers across the country may receive resources and guidance to incorporate the eclipse into their curriculum and outreach programs, fostering public interest in astronomy and science.

Overall, the US government’s involvement in the April 8th, 2024 eclipse will likely focus on ensuring public safety, providing accurate information and forecasts, supporting educational efforts, and coordinating logistical measures to facilitate a memorable and enjoyable viewing experience for all.

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2 thoughts on “eclipse”

Beverly Hills Realtor says:

June 5, 2024 at 6:24 pm

I’m truly impressed by your deep insights and excellent way of expressing complex ideas. Your depth of knowledge clearly stands out in every sentence. It’s obvious that you put a lot of effort into understanding your topics, and this effort is well-appreciated. Thank you for sharing such valuable insights. Keep up the great work! https://rochellemaize.com

1. desirelovell says:
  
  June 6, 2024 at 3:43 pm
  
  thank you!

desirelovell / kindness / love / community

🌸sharing my observations / motivation / self 💕improvement / business / wealth 🌷🕊️/ open source

eclipse